Variables

Variables are part of a process instance and represent the data of the instance.

A variable has a name and a JSON value. The visibility of a variable is defined by its variable scope.

When automating a process using BPMN or orchestrating human tasks, you can leverage the scope of these variables and customize how variables are merged into the process instance.

Variable names

The name of a variable can be any alphanumeric string including the _ symbol. For a combination of words, it's recommended to use the camelCase or the snake_case format. The kebab-case format is not allowed because it contains the operator -.

When accessing a variable in an expression, keep in mind the variable name is case-sensitive.

Restrictions of a variable name:

• It may not start with a number (e.g. 1stChoice is not allowed; you can use firstChoiceinstead).
• It may not contain whitespaces (e.g. order number is not allowed; you can use orderNumber instead).
• It may not contain an operator (e.g. +, -, *, /, =, >, ?, .).
• It may not be a literal (e.g. null, true, false) or a keyword (e.g. function, if, then, else, for, between, instance, of, not).

Variable values

The value of a variable is stored as a JSON value. It can have one of the following types:

• String (e.g. "John Doe")
• Number (e.g. 123, 0.23)
• Boolean (e.g. true or false)
• Array (e.g. ["item1" , "item2", "item3"])
• Object (e.g. { "orderNumber": "A12BH98", "date": "2020-10-15", "amount": 185.34})
• Null (null)

Variable size limitation

Generally, there is a limit of 4 MB for the payload of a process instance. This 4 MB includes the variables and the workflow engine internal data, which means there is slightly less memory available for variables. The exact limitation depends on a few factors, but you can consider 3 MB as being safe. If in doubt, run a quick test case.

note

Regardless, we don't recommend storing much data in your process context. See our best practice on handling data in processes.

Variable scopes

Variable scopes define the visibility of variables. The root scope is the process instance itself. Variables in this scope are visible everywhere in the process.

When the process instance enters a subprocess or an activity, a new scope is created. Activities in this scope can see all variables of this and of higher scopes (i.e. parent scopes). However, activities outside of this scope can not see the variables which are defined in this scope.

If a variable has the same name as a variable from a higher scope, it covers this variable. Activities in this scope see only the value of this variable and not the one from the higher scope.

The scope of a variable is defined when the variable is created. By default, variables are created in the root scope.

This process instance has the following variables:

• a and b are defined on the root scope and can be seen by Task A, Task B, and Task C.
• c is defined in the subprocess scope and can be seen by Task A and Task B.
• b is defined again on the activity scope of Task A and can be seen only by Task A. It covers the variable b from the root scope.

Variable propagation

When variables are merged into a process instance (e.g. on job completion, on message correlation, etc.) each variable is propagated from the scope of the activity to its higher scopes.

The propagation ends when a scope contains a variable with the same name. In this case, the variable value is updated.

If no scope contains this variable, it's created as a new variable in the root scope.

The job of Task B is completed with the variables b, c, and d. The variables b and c are already defined in higher scopes and are updated with the new values. Variable d doesn't exist before and is created in the root scope.

Local variables

In some cases, variables should be set in a given scope, even if they don't exist in this scope before.

To deactivate the variable propagation, the variables are set as local variables. This means the variables are created or updated in the given scope, regardless if they existed in this scope before.

Input/output variable mappings

Input/output variable mappings can be used to create new variables or customize how variables are merged into the process instance.

Variable mappings are defined in the process as extension elements under ioMapping. Every variable mapping has a source and a target expression.

The source expression defines the value of the mapping. Usually, it accesses a variable of the process instance that holds the value. If the variable or the nested property doesn't exist, an incident is created.

The target expression defines where the value of the source expression is stored. It can reference a variable by its name or a nested property of a variable. If the variable or the nested property doesn't exist, it's created.

Variable mappings are evaluated in the defined order. Therefore, a source expression can access the target variable of a previous mapping.

Input mappings

Source	Target
customer.name	sender
customer.iban	iban
totalPrice	price
orderId	reference

Output mapping

Source	Target
status	paymentStatus

Input mappings

Input mappings can be used to create new variables. They can be defined on service tasks and subprocesses.

When an input mapping is applied, it creates a new local variable in the scope where the mapping is defined.

Examples:

Process instance variables	Input mappings	New variables
orderId: "order-123"	source: =orderId target: reference	reference: "order-123"
customer:{"name": "John"}	source: =customer.name target: sender	sender: "John"
customer: "John" iban: "DE456"	source: =customer target: sender.name source: =iban target: sender.iban	sender: {"name": "John", "iban": "DE456"}

Output mappings

Output mappings can be used for several purposes:

• To customize how variables are merged into the process instance.
• They can be defined on service tasks, receive tasks, message catch events, and subprocesses.
• They can be used in script and user tasks.

If one or more output mappings are defined, the results variables are set as local variables in the scope where the mapping is defined. Then, the output mappings are applied to the variables and create new variables in this scope. The new variables are merged into the parent scope. If there is no mapping for a job/message variable, the variable is not merged.

If no output mappings are defined, all results variables are merged into the process instance.

In the case of a subprocess, the behavior is different. There are no results variables to be merged. However, output mappings can be used to propagate local variables of the subprocess to higher scopes. By default, all local variables are removed when the scope is left.

Examples:

Results variables	Output mappings	Process instance variables
status: "Ok"	source: =status target: paymentStatus	paymentStatus: "OK"
result: {"status": "Ok", "transactionId": "t-789"}	source: =result.status target: paymentStatus source: =result.transactionId target: transactionId	paymentStatus: "Ok" transactionId: "t-789"
status: "Ok" transactionId: "t-789"	source: =transactionId target: order.transactionId	order: {"transactionId": "t-789"}

Next steps

• Access variables
• Incidents